Abstract
The present study aims to analyze the relationships between attachment styles (avoidant and anxious) and cognitive schemas and also the role of intelligence in this relationship. The participants of the study were 62 psychologists or future psychologists aged between 23 and 51 years, M = 34.38, SD = 7.18. Of these, 12 were psychology students, 54 were autonomous psychologists, and two were experimented psychologists. Four of the participants were men, and 68 were women. As for marital status, 23 were unmarried, 19 were in a relationship, and 30 were married. The instruments used were The Attachment Style Questionnaire, ASQ (α = .94), Young Cognitive Schema Questionnaire - Short Form, YSQ-S3 (α = .98), and Analogical Transfer Test (CAS++) for the measurement of intelligence. The results showed that avoidant and anxious attachment styles are positively associated with the development of maladaptive cognitive schemas in all the five domains. Intelligence does not moderate the relationship between attachment styles and cognitive schemas. In the personal development of psychologists and psychotherapists, it is necessary to augment maladaptive cognitive schemas through specific psychoeducational programs. Further studies are needed to identify other factors that may be involved in the development of cognitive schemas.
References
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Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985). Attachments across the life span. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61(9), 792-811.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1991). Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle. In C. M. Parkes, J.Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle (pp. 33-51). London: Routledge.
Astaneh, R., Bahrami, H., & Farahani, H. (2013). The Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style in Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(13), 231-235.
Baker, E. & Beech, A. R. (2004). Dissociation and variability of adult attachment dimensions and early maladaptive schemas in sexual and violent off enders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 1119-1136.
Bartholomew, K., Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research (pp. 3-35). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1-2(209).
Brummett, B. R. (2007). Attachment style, early maladaptive schemas, coping self-efficacy, therapy alliance and their influence on addiction severity in methadone -maintenance treatment. Dissertation thesis. Accessed online at https://search.proquest.com/ doc view/304874295.
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Rogers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life: Perceptions, evaluations, and satisfactions. New York, NY: Russel Sage Foundation.
Coon, C. L. (2007). Therapist attachment style and trust as predictors of alliance with clients. Doctoral dissertation, School of Applied Psychology and Counselor Education, 2007.
Cozzarelli, C., Karafa, J. A., Collins, N. L., & Tagler, M. J. (2003). Stability and change in adult attachment styles: Associations with personal vulnerabilities, life events and global construals of self and others. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 315–346.
Davila, J., Burge, D., & Hammen, C. (1997). Why does attachment style change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 826–838.
Diener, E., Fujita, F. (1995). Resources, personal strivings, and subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(5), 926–935.
Ekamparam, G. (2008). Insecure attachment and the therapeutic relationship: Relational dynamics between therapists and addicts in psychotherapy. A dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology.
Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 128–152). New York: Guilford Press.
Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1992). Attachment style and romantic love: Relationship dissolution. Australian Journal of Psychology, 44, 69–74.
Fraley, R. C. (2002). Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Meta-analysis understanding stability and change in attachment security. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 86–132.
Fraley, R. C., & Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 77–114). New York: Guilford.
Freeman, D., Garety, P., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. & Bebbington, P. (2002). A cognitive model of persecutory delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 331–347.
Gallith, O., Hart, J., Noftle, E., Stockdale, G. D. (2009). Development and validation of a state adult attachment measure (SAAM). Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 362–373.
Haaga, D. A. F., DeRubeis, R. J., Stewart, B. L., & Beck, A. T. (1991). Relationship of intelligence with cognitive therapy outcome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29(3), 277–281.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry: An International Journal of Peer Commentary and Review.
Hesse, M. B. (1966). Models and analogies in science. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Joffe, L. (1981). The quahty of mother-mfant attachment and its relattonship to comphance with maternal commands and prohtbitwns. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.
Končar, N., Zotović, M. & Hautekeete, M. (2006). Efekti bombardovanja pet godina posle: Uspostavljanje ranih nefunkcionalnih kognitivnih šema kod dece. Psihologija, 39(2), 229-246.
Krnetic, H. A., Mirovic, T. & Štefanec, Đ. (2011). Afektivna vezanost i rane maladaptivne sheme kod studenata iz Banja Luke Beograda i Zagreba. Empirijska istraživanja u psihologiji, knjiga rezimea.
Leahy, R. L. (2017). Terapia centrata pe scheme emotionale. Cluj Napoca: ASCR.
Lyons-Ruth, K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999). Attachment disorganization: Unresolved loss, relational violence, and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies (520 - 554). In Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. (eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications. New York: Guilford Press.
Mason, O., Platts, H. & Tyson, M. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment in a UK clinical population. Psychology and psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 78(4), 549–564.
Meyer, C. & Gillings, K. (2004). Parental bonding and bulimic psychopathology: the mediating role of mistrust/abuse beliefs. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35(2), 229-233.
Miclea, M., Porumb, M., Cotârle, P, Albu, M. (2009). CAS++ - Cognitrom Assessment System. Cluj Napoca: ASCR.
Mihić, I., Zotović, M. & Petrović, J. (2008). Rane disfunkcionalne kognitivne šeme: povezanost sa afektivnom vezanošću u bliskim relacijama u mlađem odraslom dobu. Primenjena psihologija, 1(1-2), 57-76.
Miller, G. A. (1979). Images and models, similes and metaphors. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought. London/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Muller, R. T., Lemieux, K. E., & Sicoli, L. A. (2001). Attachment and psychopathology among formerly maltreated adults. Journal of Family Violence, 16(2), 151-169.
Muris, P., Mayer, B., & Meesters, C. (2000). Self-reported attachment style, anxiety, and depression in children. Social Behavior and Personality, 28(2), 157-162.
Pastor, D. L. (1981). The quahty of mother-mfant attachment and its relationship to toddlers' initial sociability with peers. Developmental Psychology, 17, 326-335.
Rittenmeyer, G. J. (1997). The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and job burnout among public school teachers. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, (5-A), 1529.
Salthouse, T. A. What and When of Cognitive Aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(4), 140–144.
Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The Schema-Questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295-231.
Shorey, H. S., & Snyder, C. R. (2006). The Role of Adult Attachment Styles in Psychopathology and Psychotherapy Outcomes. Review of General Psychology, 10(1), 1–20.
Simpson, J. A., Collins, W. A., Tran, S., & Haydon, K. C. (2007). Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in adult romantic relationships: A developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 355– 367.
Stapel, J. J. (2008). The Adlerian View of Attachment and Its Relationship to the Development of the Cognitive Schema. A Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of Adler Graduate School (March, 2008).
Stefanović, T., Nedeljković, J. (2012). Attachment patterns from the perspective of early maladaptive schemas. Ljetopis socijalnog rada, 19(1), 95-118.
Sternberg, R. J. (1983). Criteria for intellectual skills training. Educational Researcher, 12, 6‑12.
Sternberg, R. J. (2012). Intelligence in its cultural context. In M. J. Gelfand, C.-Y. Chiu, & Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), Advances in culture and psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 205-248). New York: Oxford University Press.
Thompson, R. A. (1999). Early attachment and later development. In: Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R. (eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 265–286). New York: Guilford Press.
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy – A Practioner’s Guide. New York: Guilford Press.
Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1994). Young schema questionnaire. (2nd. Ed.). In: J. E. Young (Ed.), Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach (Rev. ed., pp. 63–76). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
Winston, P. H. (1980). Learning and reasoning by analogy. Communications of the ACM, 23, 689-703.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985). Attachments across the life span. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61(9), 792-811.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1991). Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle. In C. M. Parkes, J.Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle (pp. 33-51). London: Routledge.
Astaneh, R., Bahrami, H., & Farahani, H. (2013). The Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style in Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(13), 231-235.
Baker, E. & Beech, A. R. (2004). Dissociation and variability of adult attachment dimensions and early maladaptive schemas in sexual and violent off enders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 1119-1136.
Bartholomew, K., Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research (pp. 3-35). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1-2(209).
Brummett, B. R. (2007). Attachment style, early maladaptive schemas, coping self-efficacy, therapy alliance and their influence on addiction severity in methadone -maintenance treatment. Dissertation thesis. Accessed online at https://search.proquest.com/ doc view/304874295.
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Rogers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life: Perceptions, evaluations, and satisfactions. New York, NY: Russel Sage Foundation.
Coon, C. L. (2007). Therapist attachment style and trust as predictors of alliance with clients. Doctoral dissertation, School of Applied Psychology and Counselor Education, 2007.
Cozzarelli, C., Karafa, J. A., Collins, N. L., & Tagler, M. J. (2003). Stability and change in adult attachment styles: Associations with personal vulnerabilities, life events and global construals of self and others. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 315–346.
Davila, J., Burge, D., & Hammen, C. (1997). Why does attachment style change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 826–838.
Diener, E., Fujita, F. (1995). Resources, personal strivings, and subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(5), 926–935.
Ekamparam, G. (2008). Insecure attachment and the therapeutic relationship: Relational dynamics between therapists and addicts in psychotherapy. A dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology.
Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 128–152). New York: Guilford Press.
Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1992). Attachment style and romantic love: Relationship dissolution. Australian Journal of Psychology, 44, 69–74.
Fraley, R. C. (2002). Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Meta-analysis understanding stability and change in attachment security. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 86–132.
Fraley, R. C., & Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 77–114). New York: Guilford.
Freeman, D., Garety, P., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. & Bebbington, P. (2002). A cognitive model of persecutory delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 331–347.
Gallith, O., Hart, J., Noftle, E., Stockdale, G. D. (2009). Development and validation of a state adult attachment measure (SAAM). Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 362–373.
Haaga, D. A. F., DeRubeis, R. J., Stewart, B. L., & Beck, A. T. (1991). Relationship of intelligence with cognitive therapy outcome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29(3), 277–281.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry: An International Journal of Peer Commentary and Review.
Hesse, M. B. (1966). Models and analogies in science. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Joffe, L. (1981). The quahty of mother-mfant attachment and its relattonship to comphance with maternal commands and prohtbitwns. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.
Končar, N., Zotović, M. & Hautekeete, M. (2006). Efekti bombardovanja pet godina posle: Uspostavljanje ranih nefunkcionalnih kognitivnih šema kod dece. Psihologija, 39(2), 229-246.
Krnetic, H. A., Mirovic, T. & Štefanec, Đ. (2011). Afektivna vezanost i rane maladaptivne sheme kod studenata iz Banja Luke Beograda i Zagreba. Empirijska istraživanja u psihologiji, knjiga rezimea.
Leahy, R. L. (2017). Terapia centrata pe scheme emotionale. Cluj Napoca: ASCR.
Lyons-Ruth, K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999). Attachment disorganization: Unresolved loss, relational violence, and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies (520 - 554). In Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. (eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications. New York: Guilford Press.
Mason, O., Platts, H. & Tyson, M. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment in a UK clinical population. Psychology and psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 78(4), 549–564.
Meyer, C. & Gillings, K. (2004). Parental bonding and bulimic psychopathology: the mediating role of mistrust/abuse beliefs. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35(2), 229-233.
Miclea, M., Porumb, M., Cotârle, P, Albu, M. (2009). CAS++ - Cognitrom Assessment System. Cluj Napoca: ASCR.
Mihić, I., Zotović, M. & Petrović, J. (2008). Rane disfunkcionalne kognitivne šeme: povezanost sa afektivnom vezanošću u bliskim relacijama u mlađem odraslom dobu. Primenjena psihologija, 1(1-2), 57-76.
Miller, G. A. (1979). Images and models, similes and metaphors. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought. London/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Muller, R. T., Lemieux, K. E., & Sicoli, L. A. (2001). Attachment and psychopathology among formerly maltreated adults. Journal of Family Violence, 16(2), 151-169.
Muris, P., Mayer, B., & Meesters, C. (2000). Self-reported attachment style, anxiety, and depression in children. Social Behavior and Personality, 28(2), 157-162.
Pastor, D. L. (1981). The quahty of mother-mfant attachment and its relationship to toddlers' initial sociability with peers. Developmental Psychology, 17, 326-335.
Rittenmeyer, G. J. (1997). The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and job burnout among public school teachers. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, (5-A), 1529.
Salthouse, T. A. What and When of Cognitive Aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(4), 140–144.
Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The Schema-Questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295-231.
Shorey, H. S., & Snyder, C. R. (2006). The Role of Adult Attachment Styles in Psychopathology and Psychotherapy Outcomes. Review of General Psychology, 10(1), 1–20.
Simpson, J. A., Collins, W. A., Tran, S., & Haydon, K. C. (2007). Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in adult romantic relationships: A developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 355– 367.
Stapel, J. J. (2008). The Adlerian View of Attachment and Its Relationship to the Development of the Cognitive Schema. A Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of Adler Graduate School (March, 2008).
Stefanović, T., Nedeljković, J. (2012). Attachment patterns from the perspective of early maladaptive schemas. Ljetopis socijalnog rada, 19(1), 95-118.
Sternberg, R. J. (1983). Criteria for intellectual skills training. Educational Researcher, 12, 6‑12.
Sternberg, R. J. (2012). Intelligence in its cultural context. In M. J. Gelfand, C.-Y. Chiu, & Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), Advances in culture and psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 205-248). New York: Oxford University Press.
Thompson, R. A. (1999). Early attachment and later development. In: Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R. (eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 265–286). New York: Guilford Press.
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy – A Practioner’s Guide. New York: Guilford Press.
Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1994). Young schema questionnaire. (2nd. Ed.). In: J. E. Young (Ed.), Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach (Rev. ed., pp. 63–76). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
Winston, P. H. (1980). Learning and reasoning by analogy. Communications of the ACM, 23, 689-703.