Abstract
The present study aims, on the one hand, to verify whether PsyCap as a second-order construct has a higher mediation effect than each of its four components taken as separate mediators (efficacy, hope, resilience, optimism) in the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance. The second objective was to compare two mediation models. In the first model PsyCap mediates the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance and in the second model PsyCap mediates the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction. The participants were 280 employees in Romanian organizations aged between 18 and 68, M = 32.96, AS = 10.10. Three questionnaires were used: Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ), Goodman and Svyantek Performance Scale, and The Generic Job Satisfaction Scale. The results showed that indeed the mediation estimates for PsyCap were higher than the estimates for its four components, regardless of the direction of the satiation-performance relationship. At the same time, through psychological capital, job satisfaction determines an increase in job performance, and job performance determines an increase in job satisfaction.
References
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Al Jenaibi, B. (2010). Job Satisfaction: Comparisons among Diverse Public Organizations in the UAE. Management Science and Engineering, 4(3), 60-79.
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Avey, J., Avolio, B. & Luthans, F. (2011). Experimentally analysing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 282-294.
Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(10), 2045-2068.
Becker, G. (1993). Human Capital: A theoretical and empirical approach with special references to education. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Borman, W. C., Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance. In: Schmitt, N. and Borman, W.C., Eds., Personnel Selection in Organizations, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, p. 71-98.
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Brief, A. P., & Roberson, L. (1989). Job attitude organization: An exploratory study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 717-727.
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Cetin, F. (2011). The Effect of the Organizational Psychological Capital on the attitudes of Commitment and Satisfaction: a Public Sample in Turkey. European Journal of Social Science, 21(3), 373-380.
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Gohel, K. (2012). Psychological Capital as a Determinant of Employee Satisfaction. International Referred Research Journal, 3(36), 34-37.
Goodman, S. A., & Svyantek, D. J. (1999). Person-organization fit and contextual performance: Do shared values matter. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(2), 254-275.
Gooty, J., Gavin, M., Johnson, P., Frazier, M. & Snow, D. (2009). In the eyes of the beholder: Transformational leadership, positive psychological capital, and performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(4), 353-367. Greguras, G. J., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2009). Different fits satisfy different needs: Linking person-environment fit to employee commitment and performance using self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 465.
Hobfoll, S. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6, 307–324.
IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluation traits—self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job-satisfaction and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80-92.
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., Patton, G. K. (2001). The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-407.
Ko, W. H. (2012). The Relationships among Professional Competence, Job Satisfaction and Career Development Confidence for Chefs in Taiwan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 1004-1011.
Kovjanic, S., Schuh, S. C., Jonas, K., Quaquebeke, N. V., Dick, R. (2012). How do transformational leaders foster positive employee outcomes? A self determination-based analysis of employees’ needs as mediating links. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8), 1031-1052.
Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational behavior, 23, 695–706. Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management. Organizational Dynamics, 33, 143–160.
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33, 321–349.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541–572.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Smith, R. C., & Li, W. (2008). More evidence on the value of Chinese workers’ psychological capital: A potentially unlimited competitive resource? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 818-827.
Macdonald, S., & Maclntyre, P. (1997). The generic job satisfaction scale: Scale development and its correlates. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 13(2), 1-16.
Moorhead, G., Griffin, R. W. (1999).Organizational Behaviour: Managing People and Organization,3rd Edition. Mumbai: Jaico Publishing House.
Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., Schmit, M. J. (1997). A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance. Human Performance, 10, 71-83.
Murphy, K. R. (1989). Dimensions of Job Performance. In: Dillon, R. and Pellegrino, J., Eds., Testing: Applied and Theoretical Perspectives. New York: Praeger, p. 218-247.
Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., Hirst, G. (2014). Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 120–138.
Naylor, J. C., Pritchard, R. D., & Ilgen, D. R. (1980). A theory of behavior in organizations. New York: Academic Press.
Olson, J. M., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 117-154.
Rayton, B. A. (2006). Examining the Interconnection of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: An Application of the Bivariate Probit Model. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(1), 139-154.
Snyder, C. R., Irving, L., & Anderson, J. (1991). Hope and health. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology (pp. 285–305). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
Stajkovic, A. D., Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240-261.
The jamovi project (2019). jamovi. (Version 0.9) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org.
Toor, S., Ofori, G. (2010). Positive Psychological Capital as a Source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage for Organizations. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(3), 1-12.
Al Jenaibi, B. (2010). Job Satisfaction: Comparisons among Diverse Public Organizations in the UAE. Management Science and Engineering, 4(3), 60-79.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective, Continuance,
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48, 677–693.
Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2). 127-152.
Avey, J., Avolio, B. & Luthans, F. (2011). Experimentally analysing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 282-294.
Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(10), 2045-2068.
Becker, G. (1993). Human Capital: A theoretical and empirical approach with special references to education. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Borman, W. C., Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance. In: Schmitt, N. and Borman, W.C., Eds., Personnel Selection in Organizations, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, p. 71-98.
Bourdieu, P. (2011). The forms of capital. In: I. Szeman, T. Kaposy, editors. Cultural theory: An anthology. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, p. 81–93.
Brief, A. P., & Roberson, L. (1989). Job attitude organization: An exploratory study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 717-727.
Burton, K. D., Lydon, J. E., D’Alessandro, D. U., & Koestner, R. (2006). The differential effects of intrinsic and identified motivation on well-being and performance: Prospective, experimental, and implicit approaches to self-determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 750-762.
Campbell, J. P., McCloy, R. A., Oppler, S. H., & Sager, C. E. (1993). A theory of performance. In N. Schmitt and W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 35–70). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. S. (2002). Optimism. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 231–243). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Cetin, F. (2011). The Effect of the Organizational Psychological Capital on the attitudes of Commitment and Satisfaction: a Public Sample in Turkey. European Journal of Social Science, 21(3), 373-380.
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Gohel, K. (2012). Psychological Capital as a Determinant of Employee Satisfaction. International Referred Research Journal, 3(36), 34-37.
Goodman, S. A., & Svyantek, D. J. (1999). Person-organization fit and contextual performance: Do shared values matter. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(2), 254-275.
Gooty, J., Gavin, M., Johnson, P., Frazier, M. & Snow, D. (2009). In the eyes of the beholder: Transformational leadership, positive psychological capital, and performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(4), 353-367. Greguras, G. J., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2009). Different fits satisfy different needs: Linking person-environment fit to employee commitment and performance using self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 465.
Hobfoll, S. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6, 307–324.
IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluation traits—self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job-satisfaction and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80-92.
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., Patton, G. K. (2001). The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-407.
Ko, W. H. (2012). The Relationships among Professional Competence, Job Satisfaction and Career Development Confidence for Chefs in Taiwan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 1004-1011.
Kovjanic, S., Schuh, S. C., Jonas, K., Quaquebeke, N. V., Dick, R. (2012). How do transformational leaders foster positive employee outcomes? A self determination-based analysis of employees’ needs as mediating links. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8), 1031-1052.
Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational behavior, 23, 695–706. Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management. Organizational Dynamics, 33, 143–160.
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33, 321–349.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541–572.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Smith, R. C., & Li, W. (2008). More evidence on the value of Chinese workers’ psychological capital: A potentially unlimited competitive resource? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 818-827.
Macdonald, S., & Maclntyre, P. (1997). The generic job satisfaction scale: Scale development and its correlates. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 13(2), 1-16.
Moorhead, G., Griffin, R. W. (1999).Organizational Behaviour: Managing People and Organization,3rd Edition. Mumbai: Jaico Publishing House.
Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., Schmit, M. J. (1997). A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance. Human Performance, 10, 71-83.
Murphy, K. R. (1989). Dimensions of Job Performance. In: Dillon, R. and Pellegrino, J., Eds., Testing: Applied and Theoretical Perspectives. New York: Praeger, p. 218-247.
Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., Hirst, G. (2014). Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 120–138.
Naylor, J. C., Pritchard, R. D., & Ilgen, D. R. (1980). A theory of behavior in organizations. New York: Academic Press.
Olson, J. M., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 117-154.
Rayton, B. A. (2006). Examining the Interconnection of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: An Application of the Bivariate Probit Model. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(1), 139-154.
Snyder, C. R., Irving, L., & Anderson, J. (1991). Hope and health. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology (pp. 285–305). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
Stajkovic, A. D., Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240-261.
The jamovi project (2019). jamovi. (Version 0.9) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org.
Toor, S., Ofori, G. (2010). Positive Psychological Capital as a Source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage for Organizations. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(3), 1-12.