Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the incremental validity of work engagement over the proactive personality in predicting proactive behavior at work. Thus, it was tested the extent to which work engagement with its dimensions - dedication, absorption, vigor - can predict the proactive behavior at the workplace over the proactive personality. The data was collected through an online questionnaire and the application was made on a sample of 120 participants who were currently working in an organization, student association, or non-governamental organization. The results of the research have shown that work engagement is a predictor of the criterion in the incremental validity model, although, only absorption of all three dimensions has proved to be a statistically significant unic predictor. Theoretical and practical implication will be discussed.
References
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Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a Measure of Workplace Deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349-360.
Borman, W. C., & Brush, D. H. (1993). More Progress Toward a Taxonomy of Managerial Performance Requirements. Human Performance, 6(1), 1-21.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. 1997. Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10, 99 –109.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. 1993. Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt, W. C. Borman, & Associates (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations, 71–98. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Brackett, M., & Mayer, J. D. (2003). Convergent, Discriminant, and Incremental Validity of Competing Measures of Emotional Intelligence. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 29(9), 1147-1158.
Brief, A. P., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11, 710-725.
Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
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Carter, N. L., Guan, L., Maples, J. L., Williamson, R. L., & Miller, J. D. (2015). The downsides of extreme conscientiousness for psychological wellbeing: The role of obsessive compulsive tendencies. Journal of Personality.
Chen, P., Spector, P.E. (1992). Relationship of work stressors with aggression, withdrawal, theft and substance use: An exploratory study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 177-184.
Chiaburu, D. S., Oh, I.-S., Berry, C., Li, N., & Gardner, R. G. (2011). The Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1140-1166.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the Dimensionality of Organizational Justice: A Construct Validation of a Measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386-400.
Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO personality Inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1976). Age differences in personality structure: A cluster analytic approach. Journal of Gerontology, 31(5), 564–570.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Crant, J. M. (1995). The Proactive Personality Scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 532–537.
DeYoung, C., Peterson, J., & Higgins, D. (2002). Higher-order factors of the Big Five predict conformity: Are there neuroses of health? Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 533-552.
Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. (2001, September). Exploring the Role of Individual Differences in the Prediction of Workplace Aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4):547-59.
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 1087-1101.
Dudley, N. M., Orvis, K. A., Lebiecki, J. E., & Cortina, J. M. (2006). A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Conscientiousness in the Prediction of Job Performance: Examining the Intercorrelations and the Incremental Validity of Narrow Traits. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 40-57.
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Fox, S., Spector, P.E., Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) in Response to Job Stressors and Organizational Justice: Some Mediator and Moderator Tests for Autonomy and Emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 291-309.
Frank L. Schmidt, J. E. Hunter (1998). The Validity and Utility of Selection Methods in Personnel Psychology: Practical and Theoretical Implications of 85 Years of Research Findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 262-274.
Galperin, B. (2002). Determinants of deviance in the workplace. Teză doctorală nepublicată.
George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. 1992. Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 310 –329.
George, J. M. 1990. Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 107–116.
George, J. M. 1991. State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 299 –307.
George, J. M., & Bettenhausen, K. 1990. Understanding prosocial behavior, sales performance, and turnover: A group-level analysis in a service context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 698 –709.
George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. 1997. Organizational spontaneity in context. Human Performance, 10, 153–170.
Graziano W.G.; Bruce J. W.; Sheese B.E.; Tobin R.M. (2007). "Attraction, personality and prejudice: Liking none of the people most of the time". Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 93, 565–582.
Graziano, W.G., & Eisenberg, N. (1997). Agreeableness; A dimension of personality. In R. Hogan, S. Briggs, & J. Johnson, (1997). Handbook of Personality Psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Iliescu, D., & Ticulescu, L. (2014). Training APIO (Asociația de Psihologie Industrială și Organizațională). Retrieved from Diagnoza organizationala (nivel introductiv): http://training.apio.ro/.
Ivcevic, Z., & Brackett, M. (2014). Predicting school success: Comparing Conscientiousness, Grit, and Emotion Regulation Ability. Journal of Research in Personality, 52, 29-36.
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm Shift to the Integrative Big-FiveTrait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Conceptual Issues. In O. P. John & R. W. P. Robins, La As (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 114-158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Katz D., & Kahn R. L. (1966). The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley. p 489.
Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science 9, 131–133.
Laursen, B., Pulkkinen, L., Adams, R. (2002). The antecedents and correlates of agreeableness in adulthood. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 38(4), 591–603.
Lepine, J. A., Erez, A., & Johnson, D. E. (2002). The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: a critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 52-65.
Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2012). Culture and Psychology: 5th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth-Cengage Learning. p. 271.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyer (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Boks.
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Basarde, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507-536.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D. L., & Sitarenios, G. (2001). Emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence. Emotion, 1, 232-242, 396.
Morrison, E. W., & Phelps, C. C. (1999). Taking charge at work: Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 403– 419.
Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. 1994. Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 475– 480.
Motowildo, S. J., Walter, C. B., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71-83.
O’Reilly, C., & Chatman, J. 1986. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 492– 499.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Ozer, D. J., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401-421.
Pearson, C. M., & Porath, C. L. (2005). On the nature, consequences and remedies of workplace incivility: No time for “nice”? Think again. Academy of Management Executive, 19(1).
Penney, L.M., Spector, P.E. (2002). Narcissism and counterproductive work behaviors: Do bigger egos mean bigger problems? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1/2), 126-134.
Pervin PhD, Lawrence A.; John PhD, Oliver P. (1999). Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford Press. pp. 102–138.
Robinson, S.L., O’Leary-Kelly, A.M. (1998). Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees. Academy of Management Journal, 41(6), 658-673.
Rimfeld, K., Kovas, Y., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. (2016). True Grit and Genetics: Predicting Academic Achievement From Personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Smith, A., Organ D. W., & Near J. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2005). The Stressor - Emotion Model of Counterproductive Work Behaviour. Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association. pp. 151-174.
Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. (2006). The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 446-460.
Sulea, C. (2008). Counterproductive behavior in organization. In E. Avram and C. Cooper (Eds.) Contemporary tendencies in Organizational – Managerial Psychology. Iași: Polirom.
Thompson, E.R. (2008). Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 542–548.
Tsai, W.-C., Chen, C.-C., & Liu, H.-l. (2007). Test of a Model Linking Employee Positive Moods and Task Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1570-1583.
Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108–119.
Van Dyne, L., Cummings, L. L., & Parks, J. M. 1995. Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity (A bridge over muddied waters). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Williams, K. D., & Karau, S. (1991). Social Loafing and Social Compensation: The Effects of Expectations of Co-Worker Performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 570-581.
Williams, L., & Anderson, S. (1991). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601-617.
Wong, C.-S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274.
Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee "citizenship." Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587-595.
Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a Measure of Workplace Deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349-360.
Borman, W. C., & Brush, D. H. (1993). More Progress Toward a Taxonomy of Managerial Performance Requirements. Human Performance, 6(1), 1-21.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. 1997. Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10, 99 –109.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. 1993. Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt, W. C. Borman, & Associates (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations, 71–98. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Brackett, M., & Mayer, J. D. (2003). Convergent, Discriminant, and Incremental Validity of Competing Measures of Emotional Intelligence. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 29(9), 1147-1158.
Brief, A. P., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11, 710-725.
Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
Campbell, J. P., McCloy, R. A., Oppler, S. H., & Sager, C. E. (1993). A theory of performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 35-70). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Carter, N. L., Guan, L., Maples, J. L., Williamson, R. L., & Miller, J. D. (2015). The downsides of extreme conscientiousness for psychological wellbeing: The role of obsessive compulsive tendencies. Journal of Personality.
Chen, P., Spector, P.E. (1992). Relationship of work stressors with aggression, withdrawal, theft and substance use: An exploratory study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 177-184.
Chiaburu, D. S., Oh, I.-S., Berry, C., Li, N., & Gardner, R. G. (2011). The Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1140-1166.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the Dimensionality of Organizational Justice: A Construct Validation of a Measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386-400.
Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO personality Inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1976). Age differences in personality structure: A cluster analytic approach. Journal of Gerontology, 31(5), 564–570.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Crant, J. M. (1995). The Proactive Personality Scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 532–537.
DeYoung, C., Peterson, J., & Higgins, D. (2002). Higher-order factors of the Big Five predict conformity: Are there neuroses of health? Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 533-552.
Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. (2001, September). Exploring the Role of Individual Differences in the Prediction of Workplace Aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4):547-59.
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 1087-1101.
Dudley, N. M., Orvis, K. A., Lebiecki, J. E., & Cortina, J. M. (2006). A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Conscientiousness in the Prediction of Job Performance: Examining the Intercorrelations and the Incremental Validity of Narrow Traits. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 40-57.
Fox, S., Spector, P.E. (1999). A model of work frustration-aggression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 915-931.
Fox, S., Spector, P.E., Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) in Response to Job Stressors and Organizational Justice: Some Mediator and Moderator Tests for Autonomy and Emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 291-309.
Frank L. Schmidt, J. E. Hunter (1998). The Validity and Utility of Selection Methods in Personnel Psychology: Practical and Theoretical Implications of 85 Years of Research Findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 262-274.
Galperin, B. (2002). Determinants of deviance in the workplace. Teză doctorală nepublicată.
George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. 1992. Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 310 –329.
George, J. M. 1990. Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 107–116.
George, J. M. 1991. State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 299 –307.
George, J. M., & Bettenhausen, K. 1990. Understanding prosocial behavior, sales performance, and turnover: A group-level analysis in a service context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 698 –709.
George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. 1997. Organizational spontaneity in context. Human Performance, 10, 153–170.
Graziano W.G.; Bruce J. W.; Sheese B.E.; Tobin R.M. (2007). "Attraction, personality and prejudice: Liking none of the people most of the time". Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 93, 565–582.
Graziano, W.G., & Eisenberg, N. (1997). Agreeableness; A dimension of personality. In R. Hogan, S. Briggs, & J. Johnson, (1997). Handbook of Personality Psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Iliescu, D., & Ticulescu, L. (2014). Training APIO (Asociația de Psihologie Industrială și Organizațională). Retrieved from Diagnoza organizationala (nivel introductiv): http://training.apio.ro/.
Ivcevic, Z., & Brackett, M. (2014). Predicting school success: Comparing Conscientiousness, Grit, and Emotion Regulation Ability. Journal of Research in Personality, 52, 29-36.
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm Shift to the Integrative Big-FiveTrait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Conceptual Issues. In O. P. John & R. W. P. Robins, La As (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 114-158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Katz D., & Kahn R. L. (1966). The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley. p 489.
Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science 9, 131–133.
Laursen, B., Pulkkinen, L., Adams, R. (2002). The antecedents and correlates of agreeableness in adulthood. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 38(4), 591–603.
Lepine, J. A., Erez, A., & Johnson, D. E. (2002). The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: a critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 52-65.
Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2012). Culture and Psychology: 5th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth-Cengage Learning. p. 271.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyer (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Boks.
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Basarde, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507-536.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D. L., & Sitarenios, G. (2001). Emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence. Emotion, 1, 232-242, 396.
Morrison, E. W., & Phelps, C. C. (1999). Taking charge at work: Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 403– 419.
Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. 1994. Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 475– 480.
Motowildo, S. J., Walter, C. B., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71-83.
O’Reilly, C., & Chatman, J. 1986. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 492– 499.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Ozer, D. J., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401-421.
Pearson, C. M., & Porath, C. L. (2005). On the nature, consequences and remedies of workplace incivility: No time for “nice”? Think again. Academy of Management Executive, 19(1).
Penney, L.M., Spector, P.E. (2002). Narcissism and counterproductive work behaviors: Do bigger egos mean bigger problems? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1/2), 126-134.
Pervin PhD, Lawrence A.; John PhD, Oliver P. (1999). Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford Press. pp. 102–138.
Robinson, S.L., O’Leary-Kelly, A.M. (1998). Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees. Academy of Management Journal, 41(6), 658-673.
Rimfeld, K., Kovas, Y., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. (2016). True Grit and Genetics: Predicting Academic Achievement From Personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Smith, A., Organ D. W., & Near J. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2005). The Stressor - Emotion Model of Counterproductive Work Behaviour. Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association. pp. 151-174.
Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. (2006). The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 446-460.
Sulea, C. (2008). Counterproductive behavior in organization. In E. Avram and C. Cooper (Eds.) Contemporary tendencies in Organizational – Managerial Psychology. Iași: Polirom.
Thompson, E.R. (2008). Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 542–548.
Tsai, W.-C., Chen, C.-C., & Liu, H.-l. (2007). Test of a Model Linking Employee Positive Moods and Task Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1570-1583.
Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108–119.
Van Dyne, L., Cummings, L. L., & Parks, J. M. 1995. Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity (A bridge over muddied waters). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Williams, K. D., & Karau, S. (1991). Social Loafing and Social Compensation: The Effects of Expectations of Co-Worker Performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 570-581.
Williams, L., & Anderson, S. (1991). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601-617.
Wong, C.-S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274.