Abstract
This research consists of two studies that aimed primarily on identifying the links between adverse childhood experiences, the level of self-control, the „dark” personality traits, and also their relationship with criminal behavior. In the first study we aimed to establish a relationship between all the variables. A sample of 232 psychology students participated in the research. They reported that they experienced a number of emotional adverse events in their childhood, and these events were positively associated with low levels of self-control and dark personality traits. The second study aimed to replicate the results obtained in the first study. Furthermore, we want to see the differences related to these variables between inmates and psychology students. In this study participated 87 inmates and 87 psychology students. The results showed that inmates predominantly experienced adverse childhood events of a physical nature, while students predominantly experienced adverse emotional events. It has been shown that psychopathy has been positively associated with offending behavior and the high frequency of adverse childhood events. The low level of self-control has been positively associated with adverse childhood events and negative personality traits. Further studies are needed in order to establish students' sensitivity thresholds in relation to adverse childhood events and to clarify the impact these events have had on students.
References
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Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M.(1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265.
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Bellis, M. A., Lowey, H., Leckenby, N., Hughes, K., & Harrison, D. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences: retrospective study to determine their impact on adult health behaviours and health outcomes in a UK population. Journal of Public Health, 36(1), 81-91.
Burt, A. S., Barnes, A. R., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G. (2008). Parental divorce and adolescent delinquency: Ruling out the impact of common genes. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1668–1677.
Hay, C. (2001). Parenting, self‐control, and delinquency: A test of self‐control theory. Criminology, 39(3), 707-736.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and selfregulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. New York, NY:Springer-Verlag.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Christie, R., & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Clark, C., Caldwell, T., Power, C., & Stansfeld, S. A. (2010). Does the influence of childhood adversity on psychopathology persist across the lifecourse? A 45-year prospective epidemiologic study. Annals of Epidemiology, 20(5), 385-394.
Cohen, B. H. (2008). Explaining psychological statistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Coney, A. (2016). An investigation into the Dark Triad of Personality and Fear and Startle. Response amog Adults. Psychology. Dublin Business School: School of Arts.
Currie, J. & Tekin, E. (2012). Understanding the cycle: childhood maltreatment and future crime? The Journal of Human Resources, 47(2), 509-549.
Dierkhising, C. B., Ko, S. J., Woods-Jaeger, B., Briggs, E. C., Lee, R., Pynoos, R. S. (2013). Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: Findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, 2013.
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DiLalla, L. F. (2004). Behavior genetics principles: Perspectives in development, personality, and psychopathology. New York: American Psychological Association.
Dinca, M. (2010). Psihologia copilului si adolescentului. Note de curs. Universitatea Titu Maiorescu.
Duckworth, A. L., & Kern, M. L. (2011). A meta-analysis of the convergent validity of self control measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 259-268.
Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Self discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological Science, 16, 939-944.
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Glen, A. L., Sellbom, M. (2015). Theoretical and Empirical Concerns Regarding The Dark Triad As A Construct. Journal of Personality Disorders, 29(3), 366-377.
Golu, F. (2011). Psihologia Dezvoltării umane. București: Editura Credis.
Gottfredson, M. R., Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. European Journal of criminology, 4(2), 237-264.
Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, Jr., R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 5-29.
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Hare, R. D. (2003). The hare psychopathy checklist-revised. (PCL-R; 2nd ed.).Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
Howell, K. H., Cater, A. K., Miller-Graff, L. E., Schwartz, L. E., Graham-Bermann, S, A, (2016). The relationship between types of childhood victimisation and young adulthood criminality. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health. Published online at Wiley Online Library, DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2002. Accessed on 11.04.2018
Jonason, P. K., & Tost, J. (2010). I just cannot control myself: The Dark Triad and self-control. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(6), 611-615.
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22, 420-432.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Differentiating the dark triad within the interpersonal circumplex. In L. M. Horowitz & S. N. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal theory and research (pp. 249-267). New York, NY: Guilford.
Kieras, J. E., Tobin, R. M., Graziano, W. G., & Rothbart, M. K. (2005). You can’t always get what you want: Effortful control and children’s response to undesired gifts. Psychological Science, 16, 391-396.
Koenig, A. L., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A. (2004). Moral development: The association between maltreatment and young children’s prosocial behaviors and moral transgressions. Social Development, 4(13), 97–106.
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106, 3-19.
Mobarake, R. K., Juhari, R., Yaacob, S. N., Esmaeili, N. S. (2014) The Moderating Role of Self-Control in the Relationship between Peer Affiliation and Adolescents Antisocial Behavior in Tehran, Iran. Asian Social Science, 10(9), 71-81.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. K. (1988). The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 687-696.
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Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-259.
Murray, J., Farrington, D. P. (2008). Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys’ internalizing problems through the life course. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 273–290.
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Perez, N. M., Jennings, W. G., & Baglivio, M. T. (2018). A path to serious, violent, chronic delinquency: the harmful aftermath of adverse childhood experiences. Crime & Delinquency, 64(1), 3-25.
Petersen, A. C., Joseph, J. & Feit, M. (2014). New Directions in Child Abuse and Neglect Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 25(4), Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Pailing, A., Boon, J., & Egan, V. (2014). Personality, the Dark Triad and violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 81-86.
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Rauthmann, J. F. (2011). Acquisitive or protective selfpresentation of dark personalities? Associations among the Dark Triad and selfmonitoring. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 502-508.
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Sacks, V., Murphey, D., Moore, K. (2014) Adverse Childhood Experiences: National and State-Level Prevalance. Child Trends, 28, 1-11.
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Arneklev, B. J., Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., & Bursik, Jr., R. J. (1993). Low self-control and imprudent behavior. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 9, 225-247.
Attkinson, R. (2002). Introducere în psihologie. Bucureşti: Editura Tehnică.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M.(1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265.
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Bellis, M. A., Lowey, H., Leckenby, N., Hughes, K., & Harrison, D. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences: retrospective study to determine their impact on adult health behaviours and health outcomes in a UK population. Journal of Public Health, 36(1), 81-91.
Burt, A. S., Barnes, A. R., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G. (2008). Parental divorce and adolescent delinquency: Ruling out the impact of common genes. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1668–1677.
Hay, C. (2001). Parenting, self‐control, and delinquency: A test of self‐control theory. Criminology, 39(3), 707-736.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and selfregulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. New York, NY:Springer-Verlag.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Christie, R., & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Clark, C., Caldwell, T., Power, C., & Stansfeld, S. A. (2010). Does the influence of childhood adversity on psychopathology persist across the lifecourse? A 45-year prospective epidemiologic study. Annals of Epidemiology, 20(5), 385-394.
Cohen, B. H. (2008). Explaining psychological statistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Coney, A. (2016). An investigation into the Dark Triad of Personality and Fear and Startle. Response amog Adults. Psychology. Dublin Business School: School of Arts.
Currie, J. & Tekin, E. (2012). Understanding the cycle: childhood maltreatment and future crime? The Journal of Human Resources, 47(2), 509-549.
Dierkhising, C. B., Ko, S. J., Woods-Jaeger, B., Briggs, E. C., Lee, R., Pynoos, R. S. (2013). Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: Findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, 2013.
DeLisi, M., Tostlebe, J., Burgason, K., Heirigs, M., & Vaughn, M. (2018). Self-control versus psychopathy: A head-to-head test of general theories of antisociality. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 16(1), 53-76.
DiLalla, L. F. (2004). Behavior genetics principles: Perspectives in development, personality, and psychopathology. New York: American Psychological Association.
Dinca, M. (2010). Psihologia copilului si adolescentului. Note de curs. Universitatea Titu Maiorescu.
Duckworth, A. L., & Kern, M. L. (2011). A meta-analysis of the convergent validity of self control measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 259-268.
Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Self discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological Science, 16, 939-944.
Fehr, B., Samsom, D., & Paulhus, D. L. (1992). The construct of Machiavellianism: Twenty years later. In C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 9, pp. 77-116). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D. și colab. (1998).Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.
Finkerlhor, D. Ormrod, R. K., Tuner, H. A. (2009). Lifetime assessment of poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 403-411.
Finkelhor, D. Shattuck, A., Tuner, H., Hamby, S. (2013). Improving the adverse childhood experiences study scale. The Journal of the American Medical Association Pediatrics, 167(1), 70-75.
Fisch, G. S. (2003). Genetics and Genomics of Neurobehavioral Disorders. New Jersey: Humana Press.
Fishbach, A., & Labroo, A. A. (2007). Be better or be merry: Howmood affects self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 158-173.
Flexon, J. L., Meldrum, R. C., Young, J. T., & Lehmann, P. S. (2016). Low self-control and the Dark Triad: Disentangling the predictive power of personality traits on young adult substance use, offending and victimization. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 159-169.
Glen, A. L., Sellbom, M. (2015). Theoretical and Empirical Concerns Regarding The Dark Triad As A Construct. Journal of Personality Disorders, 29(3), 366-377.
Golu, F. (2011). Psihologia Dezvoltării umane. București: Editura Credis.
Gottfredson, M. R., Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. European Journal of criminology, 4(2), 237-264.
Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, Jr., R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 5-29.
Grevstad, J. A. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences and juvenile justice. PowerPoint delivered to Washington State Family Policy Council June 8, 2010.
Hare, R. D. (2003). The hare psychopathy checklist-revised. (PCL-R; 2nd ed.).Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
Howell, K. H., Cater, A. K., Miller-Graff, L. E., Schwartz, L. E., Graham-Bermann, S, A, (2016). The relationship between types of childhood victimisation and young adulthood criminality. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health. Published online at Wiley Online Library, DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2002. Accessed on 11.04.2018
Jonason, P. K., & Tost, J. (2010). I just cannot control myself: The Dark Triad and self-control. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(6), 611-615.
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22, 420-432.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Differentiating the dark triad within the interpersonal circumplex. In L. M. Horowitz & S. N. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal theory and research (pp. 249-267). New York, NY: Guilford.
Kieras, J. E., Tobin, R. M., Graziano, W. G., & Rothbart, M. K. (2005). You can’t always get what you want: Effortful control and children’s response to undesired gifts. Psychological Science, 16, 391-396.
Koenig, A. L., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A. (2004). Moral development: The association between maltreatment and young children’s prosocial behaviors and moral transgressions. Social Development, 4(13), 97–106.
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106, 3-19.
Mobarake, R. K., Juhari, R., Yaacob, S. N., Esmaeili, N. S. (2014) The Moderating Role of Self-Control in the Relationship between Peer Affiliation and Adolescents Antisocial Behavior in Tehran, Iran. Asian Social Science, 10(9), 71-81.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. K. (1988). The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 687-696.
Malesza, M., Ostaszweski, P., Buchner, S., Kaczmarek, M. C. (2017). The Adaptation of the Short Dark Triad Personality Measure – Psychometric Properties of a German Sample. Accessed on 14.04.2018 at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319085438 la.
Muraven, M. (2007). Autonomous self-control is less depleting. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 763-770.
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-259.
Murray, J., Farrington, D. P. (2008). Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys’ internalizing problems through the life course. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 273–290.
Opre, A. (2007). Introducere în teoriile personalităţii. Cluj Napoca: Editura ASCR.
Opre, A. (2012). Inconştientul cognitiv. Modele teoretice, suport experimental și aplicații. Iași: Polirom.
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-563.
Perez, N. M., Jennings, W. G., & Baglivio, M. T. (2018). A path to serious, violent, chronic delinquency: the harmful aftermath of adverse childhood experiences. Crime & Delinquency, 64(1), 3-25.
Petersen, A. C., Joseph, J. & Feit, M. (2014). New Directions in Child Abuse and Neglect Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 25(4), Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Pailing, A., Boon, J., & Egan, V. (2014). Personality, the Dark Triad and violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 81-86.
Pinel, J. P. J. (2010). Biopsychology (ed. a 6-a). New York: Pearson.
Pratt, T. C., & Cullen, F. T. (2000). The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime: A metaanalysis. Criminology, 38, 931-964.
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 54, 890-902.
Rauthmann, J. F., & Will, T. (2011). Proposing a multidimensional Machiavellianism conceptualization. Social Behavior and Personality, 39, 391-404.
Rauthmann, J. F. (2011). Acquisitive or protective selfpresentation of dark personalities? Associations among the Dark Triad and selfmonitoring. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 502-508.
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-Level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 1-25.
Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5-37.
Sacks, V., Murphey, D., Moore, K. (2014) Adverse Childhood Experiences: National and State-Level Prevalance. Child Trends, 28, 1-11.
Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R. H., & Gore, S. (2007). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey. BMC public health, 7(1), 30.
Schreck, C. J. (1999). Criminal victimization and low selfcontrol: An extension and test of a general theory of crime. Justice Quarterly, 16(3), 633-654.
Șchiopu, U., Verza, E. (1995). Psihologia vârstelor. Ciclurile vieții. București: Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică.
Tangney, J., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High selfcontrol predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271-324.
Tangney, J., Baumeister, R. F., Boone, A. L. (2004). High selfcontrol predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271-324.
Teague, R., Mazerolle, P., Legosz, M., Sanderson, J. (2008). Linking childhood exposure to physical abuse and adult offending: Examining mediating factors and gendered relationships. Justice Quarterly, 25, 313–348.
Vazsonyi, A. T., Pickering, L. E., Junger, M., & Hessing, D. (2001). An empirical test of a general theory of crime: A fournation comparative study of self-control and the prediction of deviance. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 91-131.
Vazsonyi, A. T., Mikuska, J., Kelly, E. L. (2016) It’s time: A meta-analysis on the self- control-deviance link. Journal of criminal justice, 48, 48-63.
Vernon, P. A., Villani, V. C., Vickers, L. C., & Harris, J. A. (2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the dark triad and the Big 5. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 445-452.
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